From the Abstract: “Environmental and ecosystem alterations associated with the development and release of contaminants from an active gas and oil field were found to have been primarily related to the presence of the structures per se (- 16,000 m2 har

This paper discusses 1) the characteristics of marine growth, 2) an overview of how marine growth is treated by offshore on onshore during the decommissioning process, 3) constraints in the disposal of marine growth, 4) and opportunities to improve the